| Degree | Institution | Department | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| PhD | McGill University Faculty of Medicine | Epidemiology and Biostatistics | Montreal QC |
| FRCPC | Université de Montreal Faculte de Medecine | Cardiology | Montreal QC |
| MD | McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences | Medicine | Hamilton ON |
| M.Eng | McMaster University Faculty of Engineering | Chemical engineering | Hamilton ON |
| B.Eng | McGill University Faculty of Engineering | Chemical engineering | Montreal QC |
James (Jay) Brophy
Curriculum Vitae 2025-06-15
Professor of Medicine
Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health
McGill University
Contact info: Personal website
Education
Awards
| Award | Date |
|---|---|
| Fellow Canadian Academy of Health Sciences | Sept 2018 |
| Fellow Canadian Cardiovascular Society | May 2017 |
Recent Research Funding
| Title | Agency | Date | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assessing the interpretability of cardiovascular trials | Heart & Stroke Fondation | July 2025-2028 | PI |
| Comparative Effectiveness of Long-acting Insulins and Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) Insulin for the Prevention of Micro- and Macrovascular Complications Among Patients with Type 1 Diabetes | Canadian Institutes of Health Research | April 2023-2026 | co-A |
| The S. aureus Network Adaptive Platform Trial (SNAP) Canada: A Randomized Controlled Trial for Penicillin-susceptible, Methicillin-susceptible, and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections in Hospitalized Patients | Canadian Institutes of Health Research | July 2021 - 2026 | co-A |
| Evaluating the Trajectory of Aortic Stenosis (AS) in Quebec patients - Diagnosis, Treatments, and Outcomes | Canadian Institutes of Health Research | Sept 2020 - 23 | PI |
| Ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel in acute coronary syndromes - the TC4 comparative effectiveness study | Canadian Institutes of Health Research | April 2019-23 | PI |
| Appui à la recherche en évaluation des technologies et des pratiques de pointe dans les CHU (Health Technology and Evidence Based Medicine) | Fonds de Recherche Quebec Sante | July 2018-23 | PI |
Publications
All publications (487 on 2025-06-15) as recorded in Google Scholar can be found here
Citations 32348, h-index 64
| S Heuts, MJ Kawczynski, A Sayed, SM Urbut, AM Albuquerque, .... Bayesian analytical methods in cardiovascular clinical trials: Why, when, and how. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 41 (1), 30-44. 2025. |
| S Kaul, JM Brophy. The 2025 guideline update endorses ticagrelor monotherapy after≥ 1 month of DAPT post-PCI in patients with ACS: is the evidence conclusive?. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 85 (22), 2083-2087. 2025. |
| AS Mackie, AH Kovacs, D San Martin-Feeney, AVD Ley, BW McCrindle, .... A cluster randomized trial of an mHealth intervention for adolescents with congenital heart disease: Rationale and design of the READYorNotTM CHD Study. CJC Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease. . 2025. |
| S Salimian, NM Hawkins, N Dendukuri, N Mousavi, J Brophy. Predicting death or readmission following heart failure hospitalisation: the VancOuver CoastAL Acute Heart Failure (VOCAL-AHF) registry. Open Heart. 12 (1). 2025. |
| T Hunt, T Payne, JM Brophy, J Irons, AY Wang, C Cartwright, B Moran, .... Perioperative dexmedetomidine for the prevention of postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery: a systematic review, Bayesian meta-analysis, and Bayesian re-analysis of the …. British Journal of Anaesthesia. . 2025. |
| S Heuts, MJ Kawczynski, BJJ Velders, JM Brophy, GL Hickey, .... Statistical primer: an introduction into the principles of Bayesian statistical analyses in clinical trials. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 67 (4), ezaf139. 2025. |
| SA Kutcher, N Dendukuri, S Dandona, L Nadeau, JM Brophy. Ticagrelor Compared to Clopidogrel in Acute Coronary Syndromes trial (TC4): a Bayesian pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 197 (12), E309-E318. 2025. |
| JM Brophy. Tanscatheter aortic valve replacement for asymptomatic aortic stenosis-A revisited and contrarian meta-analysis. medRxiv. 2025.03. 11.25323785. 2025. |
| JM Brophy. The trials of interpreting clinical trials A Bayesian perspective. OSF. . 2025. |
| J Brophy. The trials of interpreting clinical trials-A Bayesian perspective Colchicine in secondary cardiovascular prevention. medRxiv. 2025.05. 04.25326946. 2025. |
| JM Brophy A protective effect of smoking on repeat revascularization – Simulation example of collider stratification bias.. https://github.com/brophyj/collider-bias.git. . 2025. |
| JM Brophy. Something Old and Something Older – Bias and the Self-correcting Nature of Scientific Publications.. OSF Preprints. doi:. :10.31219/osf.io/cby7f. 2025. |
| JM Brophy. Streamlining Grant Applications - What are the probabilities a streamlined grant is fundable and that a fundable grant is streamlined?. OSF (preprint). doi:https://doi.org/. /10.31219/osf.io/swf8t. 2025. |
| AJ Marelli, C Li, A Liu, H Nguyen, H Moroz, JM Brophy, L Guo, .... Machine learning informed diagnosis for congenital heart disease in large claims data source. JACC: Advances. 3 (2), 100801. 2024. |
| AR Opotowsky, P Khairy, G Diller, NA Kasparian, J Brophy, K Jenkins, .... Clinical Risk Assessment and Prediction in Congenital Heart Disease Across the Lifespan: JACC Scientific Statement. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 83 (21), 2092-2111. 2024. |
| D Ronco, AM Albuquerque, M Marin-Cuartas, A Anselmi, R Sádaba, .... Conflicts of interest in clinical practice: lessons learned from cardiovascular medicine. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 66 (3), ezae296. 2024. |
| JM Brophy Is science really self correcting? Something old and older. Medium (https://medium.com/@jbrophy115/is-science-really-self-correcting-64b829ec7935). |
| M Mésidor, C Sirois, JR Guertin, ME Schnitzer, B Candas, C Blais, .... Effect of statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease among older adults: a cautionary tale concerning target trials emulation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 168, 111284. 2024. |
| V Dayan, SW Grant, JM Brophy, F Barili, N Freemantle. Composite end points and competing risks analysis. Interdisciplinary CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery. 39 (1), ivae126. 2024. |
| A Sayed, JM Brophy. Effect of bempedoic acid on mortality and cardiovascular events in primary and secondary prevention: A post-hoc analysis of the CLEAR-outcomes trial. International Journal of Cardiology. 406, 132074. 2024. |
| A Diop, C Sirois, JR Guertin, ME Schnitzer, JM Brophy, C Blais, D Talbot. History-restricted marginal structural model and latent class growth analysis of treatment trajectories for a time-dependent outcome. The International Journal of Biostatistics. 20 (2), 467-490. 2024. |
| K Johnson, S Beradid, JM Brophy, RW Platt, C Renoux. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on primary care for hypertension in the UK: a population-based cohort study. BMJ open. 14 (12), e089834. 2024. |
| E Gastino, M Scarpanti, A Anselmi, J Brophy, W Boden, R De Caterina, .... TIME-TO-EVENT ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY AND STROKE IN TRIALS COMPARING TRANS-CATHETER AND SURGICAL AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION WITH DIFFERENT RISK PROFILES.. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 25, e20. 2024. |
| SA Kutcher, N Dendukuri, S Dandona, L Nadeau, JM Brophy. Ticagrelor Compared to Clopidogrel in aCute Coronary syndromes (TC4)–A Bayesian pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. medRxiv. 2024.11. 06.24316875. 2024. |
| A Diop, C Sirois, JR Guertin, ME Schnitzer, JM Brophy, D Talbot. trajmsm: An R package for Trajectory Analysis and Causal Modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:. :2410.19682. 2024. |
| JM Brophy. RE: Covid testing in travellers-can we be smarter?. . . 2024. |
| WJ Gomes, S Kaul, R De Caterina, JM Brophy, JR Sádaba, R Almeida, .... Should the 3-year follow-up of FAME-3 trial guide clinical practice? A critical appraisal. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, S. S0022-5223 (24) 00816-X. 2024. |
| F Baroz, R Suri, A Sharma, A Tom, W Beaubien-Souligny, J Brophy, .... # 782 Latent profiles of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis based on hemodynamic indicators. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 39 (Supplement_1), gfae069-0831-782. 2024. |
| DT Ko, JM Brophy, MA Mamas, BW McCrindle, HC Wijeysundera. Social Determinants of Health in Cardiovascular Disease: A Call to Action.. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, S. S0828-282X (24) 00331. 2024. |
| JM Brophy. Doubts over landmark heart drug trial: ticagrelor PLATO study. BMJ. 387 (https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q2550). 2024. |
| A Diop, C Sirois, JR Guertin, ME Schnitzer, JM Brophy, C Blais, D Talbot. The international journal of biostatistics: History-restricted marginal structural model and latent class growth analysis of treatment trajectories for a time-dependent outcome. De Gruyter. . 2024. |
| J Rouette, EG McDonald, T Schuster, I Matok, JM Brophy, L Azoulay. Thiazide Diuretics and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study. American journal of epidemiology. 193 (1), 47-57. 2024. |
| TA Mavrakanas, MA Tsoukas, JM Brophy, A Sharma, K Gariani. SGLT-2 inhibitors improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with CKD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports. 13 (1), 15922. 2023. |
| AM Albuquerque, I Eckert, L Tramujas, G Butler-Laporte, EG McDonald, .... Effect of tocilizumab, sarilumab, and baricitinib on mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 treated with corticosteroids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 29 (1), 13-21. 2023. |
| F Barili, JM Brophy, D Ronco, PO Myers, MS Uva, RMS Almeida, .... Risk of bias in randomized clinical trials comparing transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA network open. 6 (1), e2249321-e2249321. 2023. |
| AA Rahman, J Michaud, S Dell’Aniello, EEM Moodie, JM Brophy, .... Oral anticoagulants and the risk of dementia in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a population-based cohort study. Neurology. 100 (12), e1309-e1320. 2023. |
| L Azoulay, A St-Jean, M Dahl, J Quail, W Aibibula, JM Brophy, AW Chan, .... Hydrochlorothiazide use and risk of keratinocyte carcinoma and melanoma: A multisite population-based cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 89 (2), 243-253. 2023. |
| A Diop, C Sirois, JR Guertin, ME Schnitzer, B Candas, B Cossette, .... Marginal structural models with latent class growth analysis of treatment trajectories: statins for primary prevention among older adults. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 32 (11), 2207-2225. 2023. |
| SA Kutcher, L Flatman, R Haber, N Dendukuri, S Dandona, JM Brophy. The efficacy and safety of the prasugrel, ticagrelor, and clopidogrel dual antiplatelet therapies following an acute coronary syndrome: A systematic review and Bayesian network …. medRxiv. 2023.08. 12.23294021. 2023. |
| N Gorelik, S Paruthikunnan, A Uppal, AM Ervin, AV Ramanakumar, .... Usefulness of MRI-based local surveillance after surgical treatment of musculoskeletal soft-tissue sarcomas: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. American Journal of Roentgenology. 220 (6), 805-816. 2023. |
| JM Brophy, L Nadeau. Amiodarone vs dronedarone for atrial fibrillation: a retrospective cohort study. CJC open. 5 (1), 8-14. 2023. |
| JM Brophy, L Nadeau. Beta-Blockers, Digoxin, or Both Following an Incident Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Cohort Study. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 39 (11), 1587-1593. 2023. |
| I Iatan, I Ruel, A Guerin, L Cermakova, P Couture, J Bergeron, A Baass, .... Familial hypercholesterolemia in Canada: investigating management patterns and clinical outcomes from the FH Canada registry. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 47 (7), S165-S166. 2023. |
| N Gorelik, EY Rula, CE Pelzl, J Hemingway, EW Christensen, JM Brophy, .... Imaging Utilization Patterns in the Follow-Up of Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcomas in the United States. Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. 52 (5), 357-366. 2023. |
| J Brophy. In symptomatic AF with end-stage HF, adding catheter ablation to medical therapy improved clinical outcomes at 18 mo. Annals of Internal Medicine. 176 (12), JC137. 2023. |
| M Mesidor, C Sirois, JR Guertin, ME Schnitzer, C Blais, B Cossette, .... Effect of statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease among older adults: An observational analysis emulating a target trial. PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY. 32, 581-581. 2023. |
| K Johnson, S Beradid, JM Brophy, RW Platt, C Renoux. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in the United Kingdom. PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY. 32, 113-113. 2023. |
| A Rahman, K Johnson, J Michaud, E Moodie, J Brophy, JF Boivin, .... DIRECT ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS AND THE INCIDENCE OF DEMENTIA IN PATIENTS WITH NONVALVULAR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STROKE. 18 (3), 115-116. 2023. |
| TA Mavrakanas, MA Tsoukas, JM Brophy, A Sharma, K Gariani. Impact of SGLT-2 inhibitors on cardiovascular and renal outcomes according to baseline renal function A systematic review and meta-analysis. . . 2023. |
| JM Brophy. A Bayesian Perspective Extracorporeal CPR for Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. medRxiv. 2023.02. 13.23285890. 2023. |
| TC Lee, S Murthy, O Del Corpo, J Senécal, G Butler-Laporte, ZN Sohani, .... Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 28 (9), 1203-1210. 2022. |
| J Rouette, EG McDonald, T Schuster, JM Brophy, L Azoulay. Treatment and prescribing trends of antihypertensive drugs in 2.7 million UK primary care patients over 31 years: a population-based cohort study. BMJ open. 12 (6), e057510. 2022. |
| JM Brophy. Molnupiravir’s authorisation was premature. bmj. 376. 2022. |
| AM Albuquerque, L Tramujas, LR Sewanan, DR Williams, JM Brophy. Mortality rates among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection treated with tocilizumab and corticosteroids: a Bayesian reanalysis of a previous meta-analysis. JAMA network open. 5 (2), e220548-e220548. 2022. |
| A Sharma, M Elharram, J Afilalo, A Flannery, M Afilalo, C Tselios, J Ni, .... A randomized controlled trial of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor management in patients admitted in hospital with COVID-19. American Heart Journal. 247, 76-89. 2022. |
| A Razaghizad, E Oulousian, VK Randhawa, JP Ferreira, JM Brophy, .... Clinical prediction models for heart failure hospitalization in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of the American Heart Association. 11 (10), e024833. 2022. |
| M Gaudino, JM Brophy. The controversy on the treatment of left main coronary artery disease. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 163 (5), 1864-1869. 2022. |
| S Perreault, A Dragomir, R Cote, A Lenglet, S De Denus, M Dorais, .... Comparative effectiveness and safety of low-dose oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Frontiers in pharmacology. 12, 812018. 2022. |
| J Rouette, EG McDonald, T Schuster, JM Brophy, L Azoulay. Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Population‐Based Cohort Study. Journal of the American Heart Association. 11 (24), e026789. 2022. |
| J Brophy. In the general population, salt substitutes vs. regular salt reduce BP levels, CV outcomes, and mortality. Annals of Internal Medicine. 175 (12), JC139. 2022. |
| TC Lee, S Murthy, O Del Corpo, J Senécal, G Butler-Laporte, ZN Sohani, .... Remdesivir for the Treatment of COVID-19: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. medRxiv. 2022.01. 22.22269545. 2022. |
| M Samuel, JM Brophy. Diabetes and atrial fibrillation: does the type of diabetes matter?. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 29 (13), 1756-1758. 2022. |
| JM Brophy. Big Data, Big Expectations, and Big Judgements.. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 38 (10), 1567-1569. 2022. |
| JM Brophy. Understanding Associations, Social Inequities, and Cardiovascular Risks. The Canadian journal of cardiology. 38 (12), 1918-1920. 2022. |
| X Xie, C Li, S Tiggelaar, F Simbulan, L Falk, JM Brophy. Developing a cross-validation tool for evaluating economic evidence in rapid literature reviews. Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research. 11 (16), 1151-1160. 2022. |
| A Rahman, J Michaud, S Dell’Aniello, E Moodie, J Brophy, M Durand, .... Association between oral anticoagulants and risk of dementia in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY. 31, 631-631. 2022. |
| J Rouette, E McDonald, T Schuster, I Matok, J Brophy, L Azoulay. Thiazide diuretics and risk of colorectal cancer. PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY. 31, 69-70. 2022. |
| JM Brophy. In HF, SGLT2 inhibitors reduce HF hospitalizations at up to 2 y. Annals of Internal Medicine. 175 (8), JC87. 2022. |
| JM Brophy. mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were linked to myocarditis at 28 d (0.15 to 10 excess events/100 000 vaccinated persons). Annals of Internal Medicine. 175 (8), JC94. 2022. |
| AM Albuquerque, JM Brophy. Pacemaker risk following transcatheter aortic valve replacement-A Bayesian reanalysis. International Journal of Cardiology. 355, 32-36. 2022. |
| JM Brophy. After DES implantation, DAPT for 1 y vs.≤ 6 mo increased major bleeding in patients with high baseline bleeding risk. Annals of Internal Medicine. 175 (4), JC45. 2022. |
| J Brophy. Molnupiravir's authorisation was premature Regulatory decisions fall short of the wise stewardship required during a pandemic. BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL. 376. 2022. |
| AM Albuquerque, I Eckert, L Tramujas, EG McDonald, G Butler-Laporte, .... Analysis plan: Version 1.1 Effect of Tocilizumab, Sarilumab, and Baricitinib on Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. . . 2022. |
| JM Brophy. SARS-CoV-2 testing in travellers: Can we be smarter?. CMAJ. 194 (1), E20-E20. 2022. |
| M Etminan, JM Brophy, G Collins, M Nazemipour, MA Mansournia. To adjust or not to adjust: the role of different covariates in cardiovascular observational studies. American Heart Journal. 237, 62-67. 2021. |
| SA Kutcher, JM Brophy, HR Banack, JS Kaufman, M Samuel. Emulating a randomised controlled trial with observational data: an introduction to the target trial framework. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 37 (9), 1365-1377. 2021. |
| TC Lee, EG McDonald, G Butler-Laporte, LB Harrison, MP Cheng, .... Remdesivir and systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19: A Bayesian re-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 104, 671-676. 2021. |
| JM Brophy. Bayesian analyses of cardiovascular trials—bringing added value to the table. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 37 (9), 1415-1427. 2021. |
| TJC Perreault S, Dragomir A, Côté R, Lenglet A, White-Guay B, de Denus S .... Comparative effectiveness and safety of high-dose rivaroxaban and apixaban for atrial fibrillation: A propensity score-matched cohort study. Pharmacotherapy. . 2021. |
| AM Albuquerque, L Tramujas, LR Sewanan, JM Brophy. Tocilizumab in COVID-19–A Bayesian reanalysis of RECOVERY. medRxiv. 2021.06. 15.21258966. 2021. |
| M Aflaki, A Flannery, JP Ferreira, MP Cheng, N Kronfli, A Marelli, .... Management of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System blockade in patients admitted to hospital with confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection (The McGill RAAS-COVID-19 …. Trials. 22, 1-3. 2021. |
| JM Brophy. Key issues in the statistical interpretation of randomized clinical trials. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 37 (9), 1312-1321. 2021. |
| G Nakhlé, JM Brophy, C Renoux, P Khairy, P Bélisle, J LeLorier. Domperidone increases harmful cardiac events in Parkinson's disease: a bayesian re-analysis of an observational study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 140, 93-100. 2021. |
| S Rinfret, I Jahan, K McKenzie, N Dendukuri, KR Bainey, S Mansour, .... The COVID-19 pandemic and coronary angiography for ST-elevation myocardial infarction, use of mechanical support, and mechanical complications in Canada: a Canadian Association …. CJC open. 3 (9), 1125-1131. 2021. |
| M Samuel, JM Brophy, L D’Aronco, JC Tardif, P Khairy. Distorting effect of immortal time bias on the association between catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation and incident stroke: caveat emptor. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 37 (3), 377-381. 2021. |
| J Rouette, JM Brophy, T Schuster, L Azoulay. Treatment trajectory of antihypertensive drugs in UK primary care practices. PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY. 30, 373-373. 2021. |
| AM Albuquerque, TC Lee, DR Williams, L Tramujas, JM Brophy. Analysis plan Does Sarilumab Reduce Mortality in Hospitalized Patients for COVID-19? A Bayesian Reanalysis. . . 2021. |
| MN Babapulle, L Joseph, P Bélisle, JM Brophy, MJ Eisenberg. A hierarchical Bayesian meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials of drug-eluting stents. The Lancet. 364 (9434), 583-591. 2004. cites = 961 |
| M Bally, N Dendukuri, B Rich, L Nadeau, A Helin-Salmivaara, E Garbe, .... Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data. bmj. 357. 2017. cites = 646 |
| JM Brophy, L Joseph, JL Rouleau. β-Blockers in congestive heart failure: a Bayesian meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine. 134 (7), 550-560. 2001. cites = 630 |
| GBJ Mancini, M Etminan, B Zhang, LE Levesque, JM FitzGerald, .... Reduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 47 (12), 2554-2560. 2006. cites = 570 |
| I Shrier, JF Boivin, RJ Steele, RW Platt, A Furlan, R Kakuma, J Brophy, .... Should meta-analyses of interventions include observational studies in addition to randomized controlled trials? A critical examination of underlying principles. American journal of epidemiology. 166 (10), 1203-1209. 2007. cites = 535 |